{"id":58272,"date":"2026-10-29T01:55:19","date_gmt":"2026-10-28T22:55:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.merceknet.com\/tr\/?p=58272"},"modified":"2026-10-29T02:05:06","modified_gmt":"2026-10-28T23:05:06","slug":"turkiye-cumhuriyeti-103-yasinda-bir-milletin-bagimsizlik-mucadelesinden-cumhuriyete-uzanan-tarihi-yolculugu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.merceknet.com\/tr\/2026\/10\/29\/turkiye-cumhuriyeti-103-yasinda-bir-milletin-bagimsizlik-mucadelesinden-cumhuriyete-uzanan-tarihi-yolculugu\/","title":{"rendered":"T\u00fcrkiye Cumhuriyeti 103 ya\u015f\u0131nda: Bir milletin ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k m\u00fccadelesinden Cumhuriyet’e uzanan tarihi yolculu\u011fu"},"content":{"rendered":"

T\u00fcrkiye Cumhuriyeti, bug\u00fcn kurulu\u015funun 103. y\u0131l d\u00f6n\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc kutluyor. 29 Ekim Cumhuriyet Bayram\u0131 dolay\u0131s\u0131yla T\u00fcrkiye’nin d\u00f6rt bir yan\u0131nda kutlamalar ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilirken, T\u00fcrk milletinin ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k m\u00fccadelesini Cumhuriyet’in ilan\u0131yla ta\u00e7land\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 tarihi s\u00fcre\u00e7 bir kez daha hat\u0131rlan\u0131yor.<\/p>\n

Gazi Mustafa Kemal Atat\u00fcrk’\u00fcn \u00f6nderli\u011finde y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclen Milli M\u00fccadele, yaln\u0131zca Anadolu’nun i\u015fgalden kurtar\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fil, ayn\u0131 zamanda egemenli\u011fin millete ait oldu\u011fu yeni bir devletin kurulmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flad\u0131. 29 Ekim 1923’te ilan edilen Cumhuriyet, bu uzun m\u00fccadelenin siyasi ve hukuki sonucu oldu.<\/p>\n

Cumhuriyet’in kurulu\u015funa giden s\u00fcre\u00e7, Osmanl\u0131 Devleti’nin Birinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131’ndan yenik ayr\u0131lmas\u0131 ve 30 Ekim 1918’de Mondros M\u00fctarekesi’nin imzalanmas\u0131yla ba\u015flayan zorlu d\u00f6nemde \u015fekillendi. Anadolu’nun \u00e7e\u015fitli b\u00f6lgelerinin i\u015fgal edilmesi \u00fczerine ba\u015flayan direni\u015f, Mustafa Kemal Pa\u015fa’n\u0131n 19 May\u0131s 1919’da Samsun’a \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131yla \u00f6rg\u00fctl\u00fc bir Milli M\u00fccadele’ye d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc.<\/p>\n

Erzurum ve Sivas kongrelerinde ortaya konulan milli irade anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131, 23 Nisan 1920’de T\u00fcrkiye B\u00fcy\u00fck Millet Meclisinin a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131yla kurumsal bir yap\u0131ya kavu\u015ftu. Kurtulu\u015f Sava\u015f\u0131’nda kazan\u0131lan askeri zaferler, Lozan Bar\u0131\u015f Antla\u015fmas\u0131 ve Ankara’n\u0131n ba\u015fkent ilan edilmesiyle yeni T\u00fcrk devletinin temelleri g\u00fc\u00e7lendi.<\/p>\n

B\u00fct\u00fcn bu geli\u015fmelerin ard\u0131ndan 29 Ekim 1923’te Cumhuriyet’in ilan edilmesiyle T\u00fcrkiye’nin y\u00f6netim bi\u00e7imi resmen belirlendi.<\/p>\n

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\u0130\u015fgal y\u0131llar\u0131ndan ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011fa uzanan m\u00fccadele<\/h2>\n

Birinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131’n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan Osmanl\u0131 Devleti ile \u0130tilaf Devletleri aras\u0131nda 30 Ekim 1918’de Mondros M\u00fctarekesi imzaland\u0131. M\u00fctarekenin ard\u0131ndan Anadolu topraklar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7e\u015fitli b\u00f6lgeleri i\u015fgal edilmeye ba\u015fland\u0131.<\/p>\n

13 Kas\u0131m 1918’de \u0130tilaf Devletleri donanmas\u0131n\u0131n \u0130stanbul’a gelmesi, Osmanl\u0131 Devleti’nin kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 durumun en belirgin g\u00f6stergelerinden biri oldu. 15 May\u0131s 1919’da \u0130zmir’in Yunan kuvvetleri taraf\u0131ndan i\u015fgal edilmesi ise Anadolu’daki direni\u015f hareketlerinin g\u00fc\u00e7lenmesinde \u00f6nemli rol oynad\u0131.<\/p>\n

Mustafa Kemal Pa\u015fa, 16 May\u0131s 1919’da Band\u0131rma Vapuru ile \u0130stanbul’dan ayr\u0131larak 19 May\u0131s’ta Samsun’a ula\u015ft\u0131. Bu tarih, T\u00fcrk Kurtulu\u015f Sava\u015f\u0131’n\u0131n ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131 olarak kabul edildi.<\/p>\n

Samsun’un ard\u0131ndan Havza’ya ge\u00e7en Mustafa Kemal Pa\u015fa, burada yay\u0131mlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 genelgeyle i\u015fgallere kar\u015f\u0131 milli tepkinin \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmesini istedi.<\/p>\n

22 Haziran 1919’da yay\u0131mlanan Amasya Genelgesi’nde ise Milli M\u00fccadele’nin temel ilkeleri ortaya konuldu. Genelgede yer alan “Milletin istiklalini yine milletin azim ve karar\u0131 kurtaracakt\u0131r” anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131, ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k m\u00fccadelesinin millet iradesine dayanaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ilan etti.<\/p>\n

Bu geli\u015fmeleri Erzurum ve Sivas kongreleri takip etti. 23 Temmuz 1919’da ba\u015flayan Erzurum Kongresi’nde milli s\u0131n\u0131rlar i\u00e7inde vatan\u0131n bir b\u00fct\u00fcn oldu\u011fu ve par\u00e7alanamayaca\u011f\u0131 vurguland\u0131. 4-11 Eyl\u00fcl 1919 tarihlerinde ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen Sivas Kongresi’nde ise milli direni\u015f hareketlerinin ortak bir te\u015fkilat alt\u0131nda birle\u015ftirilmesi y\u00f6n\u00fcnde kararlar al\u0131nd\u0131.<\/p>\n

Mustafa Kemal Pa\u015fa’n\u0131n 27 Aral\u0131k 1919’da Ankara’ya gelmesi, Milli M\u00fccadele’nin y\u00f6netim merkezinin belirlenmesi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00f6nemli bir d\u00f6n\u00fcm noktas\u0131 oldu.<\/p>\n

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Cumhuriyet’e giden tarihi yol: 1918-1923 kronolojisi<\/h2>\n

Anadolu Ajans\u0131n\u0131n Cumhuriyet’in 103. y\u0131l\u0131 dolay\u0131s\u0131yla haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 infografikte, Mondros M\u00fctarekesi’nden Cumhuriyet’in ilan\u0131na kadar uzanan tarihi geli\u015fmeler kronolojik olarak ele al\u0131nd\u0131.<\/p>\n

\u0130\u015fgallerin ba\u015flamas\u0131, milli direni\u015fin \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmesi, kongreler, sava\u015f meydanlar\u0131nda kazan\u0131lan zaferler ve yeni T\u00fcrk devletinin kurulu\u015fuyla ilgili \u00f6nemli olaylar \u015f\u00f6yle:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Tarih<\/th>\nTarihi geli\u015fme<\/th>\nA\u00e7\u0131klama ve \u00f6nemi<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n
30 Ekim 1918<\/strong><\/td>\nMondros M\u00fctarekesi<\/td>\nOsmanl\u0131 Devleti ile \u0130tilaf Devletleri aras\u0131nda imzaland\u0131. Fransa, \u0130talya ve \u0130ngiltere ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere \u0130tilaf Devletlerinin Anadolu’daki i\u015fgalleri ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
13 Kas\u0131m 1918<\/strong><\/td>\n\u0130stanbul’un fiilen i\u015fgali<\/td>\n\u0130tilaf Devletleri donanmas\u0131 \u0130stanbul’a demirledi.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
15 May\u0131s 1919<\/strong><\/td>\n\u0130zmir’in i\u015fgali<\/td>\nYunan kuvvetleri \u0130zmir’i i\u015fgal etti. Anadolu’daki milli direni\u015f g\u00fc\u00e7 kazand\u0131.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
16 May\u0131s 1919<\/strong><\/td>\nBand\u0131rma Vapuru ile hareket<\/td>\nMustafa Kemal Pa\u015fa, \u0130stanbul’dan Samsun’a do\u011fru yola \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
19 May\u0131s 1919<\/strong><\/td>\nSamsun’a \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f<\/td>\nMustafa Kemal Pa\u015fa Samsun’a ula\u015ft\u0131. Milli M\u00fccadele’nin ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131 kabul edildi.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
28 May\u0131s 1919<\/strong><\/td>\nHavza Genelgesi<\/td>\n\u0130\u015fgallere kar\u015f\u0131 milli tepkinin \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmesi amac\u0131yla genelge yay\u0131mland\u0131.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
22 Haziran 1919<\/strong><\/td>\nAmasya Genelgesi<\/td>\nMilletin ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 yine milletin azim ve karar\u0131n\u0131n kurtaraca\u011f\u0131 vurguland\u0131.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
23 Temmuz 1919<\/strong><\/td>\nErzurum Kongresi<\/td>\nMilli s\u0131n\u0131rlar i\u00e7inde vatan\u0131n bir b\u00fct\u00fcn oldu\u011fu ve par\u00e7alanamayaca\u011f\u0131 karara ba\u011fland\u0131. Kongre 7 A\u011fustos’ta sona erdi.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
4-11 Eyl\u00fcl 1919<\/strong><\/td>\nSivas Kongresi<\/td>\nMilli M\u00fccadele’nin ortak bir te\u015fkilat alt\u0131nda y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclmesi ve manda ile himayenin reddi kararla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
27 Aral\u0131k 1919<\/strong><\/td>\nMustafa Kemal Pa\u015fa Ankara’da<\/td>\nAnkara, Milli M\u00fccadele’nin y\u00f6netim merkezi haline geldi.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
23 Nisan 1920<\/strong><\/td>\nTBMM’nin a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131<\/td>\nT\u00fcrkiye B\u00fcy\u00fck Millet Meclisi a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131. Milli egemenli\u011fe dayanan y\u00f6netimin kurumsal temelleri at\u0131ld\u0131.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
23 A\u011fustos-13 Eyl\u00fcl 1921<\/strong><\/td>\nSakarya Meydan Muharebesi<\/td>\nT\u00fcrk ordusu Yunan kuvvetlerine kar\u015f\u0131 \u00f6nemli bir zafer kazand\u0131.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
30 A\u011fustos 1922<\/strong><\/td>\nBa\u015fkomutanl\u0131k Meydan Muharebesi<\/td>\nT\u00fcrk ordusu B\u00fcy\u00fck Taarruz’un belirleyici zaferini kazand\u0131.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
9 Eyl\u00fcl 1922<\/strong><\/td>\n\u0130zmir’in kurtulu\u015fu<\/td>\nT\u00fcrk ordusu \u0130zmir’e girdi ve Yunan i\u015fgali sona erdi.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
11 Ekim 1922<\/strong><\/td>\nMudanya M\u00fctarekesi<\/td>\nAte\u015fkes imzaland\u0131. Kurtulu\u015f Sava\u015f\u0131’n\u0131n diplomatik a\u015famas\u0131nda \u00f6nemli bir ad\u0131m at\u0131ld\u0131.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
24 Temmuz 1923<\/strong><\/td>\nLozan Bar\u0131\u015f Antla\u015fmas\u0131<\/td>\nYeni T\u00fcrk devletinin ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve uluslararas\u0131 konumu antla\u015fmayla g\u00fcvence alt\u0131na al\u0131nd\u0131.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
13 Ekim 1923<\/strong><\/td>\nAnkara’n\u0131n ba\u015fkent olu\u015fu<\/td>\nAnkara, T\u00fcrkiye’nin h\u00fck\u00fcmet merkezi ve ba\u015fkenti ilan edildi.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
29 Ekim 1923<\/strong><\/td>\nCumhuriyet’in ilan\u0131<\/td>\nTBMM, devletin y\u00f6netim bi\u00e7imini Cumhuriyet olarak belirledi. Mustafa Kemal Pa\u015fa ilk cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131 se\u00e7ildi.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

23 Nisan 1920: Egemenlik milletin oldu<\/h2>\n

Cumhuriyet’e giden s\u00fcre\u00e7te en \u00f6nemli geli\u015fmelerden biri, 23 Nisan 1920’de T\u00fcrkiye B\u00fcy\u00fck Millet Meclisinin a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131yd\u0131.<\/p>\n

\u0130stanbul’un 16 Mart 1920’de resmen i\u015fgal edilmesi ve Osmanl\u0131 Meclis-i Mebusan\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131n sona ermesi \u00fczerine Ankara’da yeni bir meclisin toplanmas\u0131 kararla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n

Mustafa Kemal Pa\u015fa’n\u0131n \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde a\u00e7\u0131lan TBMM, Milli M\u00fccadele’nin siyasi ve askeri y\u00f6netimini \u00fcstlenerek millet egemenli\u011fine dayanan yeni devletin temelini olu\u015fturdu.<\/p>\n

1921 Anayasas\u0131’n\u0131n kabul edilmesiyle egemenli\u011fin kay\u0131ts\u0131z \u015farts\u0131z millete ait oldu\u011fu ilkesi anayasal g\u00fcvenceye kavu\u015ftu.<\/p>\n

Bu d\u00f6nemde hen\u00fcz Cumhuriyet resmen ilan edilmemi\u015f olsa da Meclisin \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne dayanan y\u00f6netim anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131, Cumhuriyet rejiminin siyasi temelini haz\u0131rlad\u0131.<\/p>\n

Mustafa Kemal Atat\u00fcrk, Erzurum Kongresi g\u00fcnlerinde Mazhar M\u00fcfit Kansu’ya ileride kurulacak devletin y\u00f6netim bi\u00e7iminin Cumhuriyet olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ifade etmi\u015fti. Ancak Milli M\u00fccadele’nin i\u00e7inde bulundu\u011fu \u015fartlar nedeniyle bu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncenin resmen a\u00e7\u0131klanmas\u0131 daha sonraki y\u0131llara b\u0131rak\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n

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Sakarya’dan B\u00fcy\u00fck Taarruz’a: Cumhuriyet’in askeri temelleri<\/h2>\n

Milli M\u00fccadele’nin ba\u015far\u0131ya ula\u015fmas\u0131nda Sakarya Meydan Muharebesi ve B\u00fcy\u00fck Taarruz belirleyici rol oynad\u0131.<\/p>\n

23 A\u011fustos-13 Eyl\u00fcl 1921 tarihleri aras\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen Sakarya Meydan Muharebesi’nde T\u00fcrk ordusu, Yunan kuvvetlerinin ilerleyi\u015fini durdurdu. G\u00fcnlerce devam eden muharebenin ard\u0131ndan kazan\u0131lan zafer, Milli M\u00fccadele’nin askeri ve siyasi gelece\u011fi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00f6nemli bir d\u00f6n\u00fcm noktas\u0131 oldu.<\/p>\n

Sakarya Zaferi’nin ard\u0131ndan Mustafa Kemal Pa\u015fa’ya TBMM taraf\u0131ndan mare\u015fal r\u00fctbesi ve gazi unvan\u0131 verildi.<\/p>\n

26 A\u011fustos 1922’de ba\u015flayan B\u00fcy\u00fck Taarruz ise T\u00fcrk ordusunun i\u015fgal kuvvetlerine kar\u015f\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi\u011fi son b\u00fcy\u00fck askeri harek\u00e2t oldu.<\/p>\n

30 A\u011fustos 1922’de Ba\u015fkomutanl\u0131k Meydan Muharebesi’nin kazan\u0131lmas\u0131yla Yunan ordusunun ana kuvvetleri yenilgiye u\u011frat\u0131ld\u0131. T\u00fcrk ordusu, 9 Eyl\u00fcl’de \u0130zmir’e girerek kentin i\u015fgaline son verdi.<\/p>\n

Bu zaferlerin ard\u0131ndan 11 Ekim 1922’de Mudanya M\u00fctarekesi imzaland\u0131 ve Kurtulu\u015f Sava\u015f\u0131’n\u0131n askeri ba\u015far\u0131lar\u0131 diplomatik alana ta\u015f\u0131nd\u0131.<\/p>\n

24 Temmuz 1923’te imzalanan Lozan Bar\u0131\u015f Antla\u015fmas\u0131 ise yeni T\u00fcrk devletinin ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n uluslararas\u0131 alanda tan\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayan temel belgelerden biri oldu.<\/p>\n

Ankara ba\u015fkent ilan edildi<\/h3>\n

Lozan Antla\u015fmas\u0131’n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan T\u00fcrkiye’nin siyasi ve idari yap\u0131lanmas\u0131nda \u00f6nemli ad\u0131mlar at\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n

13 Ekim 1923’te TBMM taraf\u0131ndan kabul edilen kararla Ankara, yeni T\u00fcrk devletinin ba\u015fkenti ilan edildi.<\/p>\n

Milli M\u00fccadele’nin y\u00f6netim merkezi olan Ankara’n\u0131n ba\u015fkent se\u00e7ilmesi, yeni devletin Anadolu merkezli siyasi yap\u0131lanmas\u0131n\u0131 kesinle\u015ftirdi.<\/p>\n

Ancak h\u00fck\u00fcmetin kurulmas\u0131 ve devlet ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 konusundaki belirsizlikler devam ediyordu. \u00d6zellikle 27 Ekim 1923’te \u0130cra Vekilleri Heyetinin istifa etmesi ve yeni h\u00fck\u00fcmetin olu\u015fturulamamas\u0131, mevcut y\u00f6netim sisteminde bir de\u011fi\u015fiklik yap\u0131lmas\u0131 gere\u011fini ortaya \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131.<\/p>\n

Bu geli\u015fmeler, Cumhuriyet’in ilan edilmesini h\u0131zland\u0131ran siyasi ko\u015fullar\u0131 olu\u015fturdu.<\/p>\n

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28 Ekim 1923: \u00c7ankaya’da tarihi karar<\/h2>\n

Cumhuriyet’in ilan\u0131ndan bir g\u00fcn \u00f6nce, 28 Ekim 1923 Pazar ak\u015fam\u0131 Mustafa Kemal Pa\u015fa, yak\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma arkada\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 \u00c7ankaya K\u00f6\u015fk\u00fc’nde yeme\u011fe davet etti.<\/p>\n

Latife Han\u0131m’\u0131n haz\u0131rlatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 sofrada \u0130smet Pa\u015fa, Kaz\u0131m Pa\u015fa, Fethi Bey, Kemalettin Sami Pa\u015fa, Halit Pa\u015fa, Fuat Bey ve Ru\u015fen E\u015fref Bey’in de aralar\u0131nda bulundu\u011fu isimler bir araya geldi.<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiye Cumhuriyeti’nin kurulu\u015f tarihine ge\u00e7en karar, bu ak\u015fam yeme\u011finde a\u00e7\u0131kland\u0131.<\/p>\n

Mustafa Kemal Pa\u015fa, yak\u0131n arkada\u015flar\u0131na “Yar\u0131n Cumhuriyet ilan edece\u011fiz”<\/strong> diyerek ertesi g\u00fcn yap\u0131lacak anayasal de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fin temelini ortaya koydu.<\/p>\n

Atat\u00fcrk, y\u0131llar sonra Nutuk’ta 28 Ekim gecesini \u015fu s\u00f6zlerle anlatt\u0131:<\/p>\n

“Gece olmu\u015ftu… \u00c7ankaya’ya gitmek \u00fczere Meclis binas\u0131ndan ayr\u0131l\u0131rken, koridorlarda beni beklemekte olan Kemalettin Sami ve Halit Pa\u015fa’lara rastlad\u0131m. Ali Fuat Pa\u015fa, Ankara’dan hareket ederken bunlar\u0131n Ankara’ya geldiklerini o g\u00fcnk\u00fc gazetede ‘Bir U\u011furlama ve Bir Kar\u015f\u0131lama’ ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 alt\u0131nda okumu\u015ftum. Daha kendileriyle g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmemi\u015ftim. Benimle konu\u015fmak \u00fczere ge\u00e7 vakte kadar orada beklediklerini anlay\u0131nca, ak\u015fam yeme\u011fine gelmelerini, Milli Savunma Bakan\u0131 Kaz\u0131m Pa\u015fa vas\u0131tas\u0131yla kendilerine bildirdim.<\/p>\n

\u0130smet Pa\u015fa ile Kaz\u0131m Pa\u015fa’ya ve Fethi Bey’e de \u00c7ankaya’ya benimle birlikte gelmelerini s\u00f6yledim. \u00c7ankaya’ya gitti\u011fim zaman, orada, beni g\u00f6rmek \u00fczere gelmi\u015f bulunan Rize Milletvekili Fuat, Afyonkarahisar Milletvekili Ru\u015fen E\u015fref Bey’lerle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131m. Onlar\u0131 da yeme\u011fe al\u0131koydum. Yemek s\u0131ras\u0131nda ‘Yar\u0131n Cumhuriyet ilan edece\u011fiz’ dedim. Orada bulunan arkada\u015flar, derhal d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceme kat\u0131ld\u0131lar. Yeme\u011fi b\u0131rakt\u0131k. O dakikadan itibaren, nas\u0131l hareket edilece\u011fi konusunda k\u0131sa bir program belirledim ve arkada\u015flar\u0131 g\u00f6revlendirdim.”<\/p>\n

Tarihi karar\u0131n ard\u0131ndan Mustafa Kemal Pa\u015fa ile \u0130smet Pa\u015fa, 1921 Anayasas\u0131’n\u0131n baz\u0131 maddelerinde de\u011fi\u015fiklik yap\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6ren kanun teklifini haz\u0131rlad\u0131.<\/p>\n

Bu teklif, ertesi g\u00fcn T\u00fcrkiye B\u00fcy\u00fck Millet Meclisinde g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fclecekti.<\/p>\n

29 Ekim 1923: Cumhuriyet saat 20.30’da ilan edildi<\/h2>\n

29 Ekim 1923 Pazartesi g\u00fcn\u00fc T\u00fcrkiye B\u00fcy\u00fck Millet Meclisi, T\u00fcrk siyasi tarihinin en \u00f6nemli oturumlar\u0131ndan birine sahne oldu.<\/p>\n

Anadolu Ajans\u0131n\u0131n ar\u015fivinde bulunan d\u00f6nemin Frans\u0131zca haber b\u00fcltenlerine g\u00f6re Meclis, saat 18.00’de topland\u0131.<\/p>\n

Anayasa Komisyonunca haz\u0131rlanan ve Cumhuriyet’in ilan edilmesini \u00f6ng\u00f6ren teklif, milletvekillerinin g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcne sunuldu.<\/p>\n

G\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmelerde yeni devletin y\u00f6netim bi\u00e7imine ili\u015fkin de\u011ferlendirmeler yap\u0131ld\u0131. Yunus Nadi Bey ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere milletvekilleri, Cumhuriyet’in ilan\u0131n\u0131n gereklili\u011fine ili\u015fkin g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerini dile getirdi.<\/p>\n

Yap\u0131lan m\u00fczakerelerin ard\u0131ndan 1921 Anayasas\u0131’nda de\u011fi\u015fiklik \u00f6ng\u00f6ren teklif oylamaya sunuldu.<\/p>\n

Saatler 20.30’u g\u00f6sterdi\u011finde, oturuma kat\u0131lan 158 milletvekilinin tamam\u0131n\u0131n oyuyla Cumhuriyet ilan edildi.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Anayasa’ya eklenen h\u00fck\u00fcmle T\u00fcrkiye’nin y\u00f6netim bi\u00e7imi \u015fu ifadeyle belirlendi:<\/p>\n

“T\u00fcrkiye Devleti’nin \u015fekli h\u00fck\u00fcmeti Cumhuriyet’tir.”<\/strong><\/p>\n

Mecliste al\u0131nan tarihi karar, milletvekillerinin alk\u0131\u015flar\u0131 ve “Ya\u015fas\u0131n Cumhuriyet” sesleriyle kar\u015f\u0131land\u0131.<\/p>\n

B\u00f6ylece 23 Nisan 1920’de TBMM’nin a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131yla olu\u015fturulan millet egemenli\u011fine dayal\u0131 y\u00f6netim, Cumhuriyet’in ilan edilmesiyle yeni bir anayasal kimlik kazand\u0131.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Mustafa Kemal Atat\u00fcrk ilk cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131 se\u00e7ildi<\/h3>\n

Cumhuriyet’in ilan\u0131n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan ayn\u0131 gece cumhurba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 se\u00e7imine ge\u00e7ildi.<\/p>\n

TBMM’de yap\u0131lan gizli oylamada, 158 milletvekilinin tamam\u0131n\u0131n oyunu alan Gazi Mustafa Kemal Pa\u015fa, T\u00fcrkiye Cumhuriyeti’nin ilk cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131 se\u00e7ildi.<\/p>\n

Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131 se\u00e7ilmesinin ard\u0131ndan Meclis k\u00fcrs\u00fcs\u00fcne \u00e7\u0131kan Mustafa Kemal Pa\u015fa, milletin ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k m\u00fccadelesinde ortaya koydu\u011fu kararl\u0131l\u0131\u011fa ve yeni devletin gelece\u011fine ili\u015fkin de\u011ferlendirmelerde bulundu.<\/p>\n

Atat\u00fcrk, ilk cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131 olarak yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 tarihi konu\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 \u015fu s\u00f6zlerle tamamlad\u0131:<\/p>\n

“T\u00fcrkiye Cumhuriyeti mesut, muvaffak ve muzaffer olacakt\u0131r.”<\/strong><\/p>\n

Cumhuriyet’in ilan edilmesiyle devlet ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 meselesi \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcme kavu\u015furken, h\u00fck\u00fcmetin kurulu\u015f y\u00f6ntemi de yeniden d\u00fczenlendi.<\/p>\n

Yeni sistemde h\u00fck\u00fcmeti kurmakla \u0130smet Pa\u015fa g\u00f6revlendirildi. Fethi Bey ise T\u00fcrkiye B\u00fcy\u00fck Millet Meclisi Ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131na se\u00e7ildi.<\/p>\n

Cumhuriyet Bayram\u0131 ne zaman milli bayram oldu?<\/h2>\n

29 Ekim 1923 gecesi Cumhuriyet’in ilan edilmesi, ba\u015fta Ankara olmak \u00fczere \u00fclkenin \u00e7e\u015fitli b\u00f6lgelerinde sevin\u00e7le kar\u015f\u0131land\u0131.<\/p>\n

Cumhuriyet’in ilan\u0131n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan kutlamalar\u0131n resmiyet kazanmas\u0131 i\u00e7in d\u00fczenlemeler yap\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n

26 Ekim 1924’te yay\u0131mlanan kararnameyle Cumhuriyet’in ilan\u0131n\u0131n 101 pare top at\u0131\u015f\u0131 ve \u00e7e\u015fitli etkinliklerle kutlanmas\u0131 kararla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n

19 Nisan 1925’te kabul edilen kanunla 29 Ekim, Cumhuriyet Bayram\u0131 olarak milli bayram ilan edildi.<\/p>\n

B\u00f6ylece Cumhuriyet’in ilan edildi\u011fi g\u00fcn, 1925 y\u0131l\u0131ndan itibaren resmi milli bayram olarak kutlanmaya ba\u015fland\u0131.<\/p>\n

Ge\u00e7en 103 y\u0131l boyunca 29 Ekim, T\u00fcrkiye Cumhuriyeti’nin kurulu\u015funun yan\u0131 s\u0131ra T\u00fcrk milletinin ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k ve egemenlik m\u00fccadelesinin simgesi olarak an\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n

Cumhuriyet’in 103. y\u0131l\u0131: Milli egemenlikten \u00e7a\u011fda\u015fla\u015fmaya uzanan miras<\/h2>\n

29 Ekim 1923’te Cumhuriyet’in ilan\u0131, yaln\u0131zca devletin y\u00f6netim bi\u00e7iminin de\u011fi\u015fmesi anlam\u0131na gelmedi. Yeni d\u00f6nemde T\u00fcrkiye’nin siyasi, hukuki, toplumsal ve ekonomik yap\u0131s\u0131nda kapsaml\u0131 d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcmlerin \u00f6n\u00fc a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n

Cumhuriyet’in kurulu\u015funu takip eden y\u0131llarda e\u011fitim, hukuk, kamu y\u00f6netimi, ekonomi ve toplumsal ya\u015fam alanlar\u0131nda \u00f6nemli d\u00fczenlemeler ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirildi.<\/p>\n

3 Mart 1924’te halifeli\u011fin kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 ve \u00f6\u011fretim birli\u011fini sa\u011flayan Tevhid-i Tedrisat Kanunu’nun kabul\u00fc, yeni devletin yap\u0131lanmas\u0131ndaki \u00f6nemli ad\u0131mlar aras\u0131nda yer ald\u0131.<\/p>\n

1926 y\u0131l\u0131nda T\u00fcrk Medeni Kanunu’nun y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe girmesiyle aile hukuku ve bireylerin medeni haklar\u0131na ili\u015fkin yeni d\u00fczenlemeler getirildi.<\/p>\n

1928’de T\u00fcrk harflerinin kabul edilmesi ve 1934’te kad\u0131nlara milletvekili se\u00e7me ve se\u00e7ilme hakk\u0131n\u0131n tan\u0131nmas\u0131 da Cumhuriyet’in ilk y\u0131llar\u0131ndaki \u00f6nemli toplumsal ve siyasal d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcmler aras\u0131nda yer ald\u0131.<\/p>\n

Cumhuriyet’in ilk d\u00f6neminde demir yolu yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131, sanayile\u015fme giri\u015fimleri, tar\u0131msal \u00fcretimin geli\u015ftirilmesi ve e\u011fitim kurumlar\u0131n\u0131n yayg\u0131nla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 da \u00fclkenin kalk\u0131nmas\u0131nda \u00f6ncelikli alanlar olarak de\u011ferlendirildi.<\/p>\n

B\u00fct\u00fcn bu ad\u0131mlar, Cumhuriyet’in yaln\u0131zca bir y\u00f6netim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi de\u011fil, ayn\u0131 zamanda yeni bir devlet ve toplum d\u00fczeninin in\u015fas\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan da tarihi \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ortaya koydu.<\/p>\n

Konya da Milli M\u00fccadele’den Cumhuriyet’e uzanan s\u00fcrecin \u00f6nemli merkezleri aras\u0131ndayd\u0131<\/h3>\n

Milli M\u00fccadele y\u0131llar\u0131nda Anadolu’nun bir\u00e7ok \u015fehri gibi Konya da siyasi, askeri ve toplumsal geli\u015fmelerin ya\u015fand\u0131\u011f\u0131 merkezlerden biri oldu.<\/p>\n

Konya, Anadolu’nun i\u00e7 kesimlerindeki konumu, ula\u015f\u0131m ba\u011flant\u0131lar\u0131, tar\u0131msal \u00fcretim kapasitesi ve n\u00fcfusuyla Milli M\u00fccadele d\u00f6neminde \u00f6nemli bir yere sahipti.<\/p>\n

Kurtulu\u015f Sava\u015f\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda cephelerin ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131lanmas\u0131, ula\u015f\u0131m ve lojistik ba\u011flant\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclmesi bak\u0131m\u0131ndan \u0130\u00e7 Anadolu’daki \u015fehirlerin katk\u0131s\u0131 \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131.<\/p>\n

Cumhuriyet’in ilan\u0131ndan sonraki y\u0131llarda ise Konya’n\u0131n tar\u0131m, e\u011fitim, ula\u015f\u0131m ve sanayi alanlar\u0131ndaki geli\u015fimi, yeni T\u00fcrkiye’nin ekonomik ve toplumsal d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn bir par\u00e7as\u0131 oldu.<\/p>\n

Bug\u00fcn T\u00fcrkiye’nin \u00f6nemli tar\u0131m ve sanayi merkezlerinden biri olan Konya, Cumhuriyet’in 103. y\u0131l d\u00f6n\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc tarihi miras\u0131n\u0131n bilinciyle kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131yor.<\/p>\n

103 y\u0131l \u00f6nce \u00c7ankaya’da verilen karar bug\u00fcn de hat\u0131rlan\u0131yor<\/h2>\n

28 Ekim 1923 gecesi \u00c7ankaya K\u00f6\u015fk\u00fc’nde s\u00f6ylenen “Yar\u0131n Cumhuriyet ilan edece\u011fiz” s\u00f6zleriyle ba\u015flayan son haz\u0131rl\u0131klar, ertesi ak\u015fam T\u00fcrkiye B\u00fcy\u00fck Millet Meclisinde al\u0131nan tarihi kararla tamamland\u0131.<\/p>\n

Milli M\u00fccadele’nin sava\u015f meydanlar\u0131nda elde etti\u011fi ba\u015far\u0131lar, yeni bir devletin kurulu\u015fuyla ta\u00e7land\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n

29 Ekim 1923’te Cumhuriyet’in ilan edilmesi, T\u00fcrkiye’nin y\u00f6netim bi\u00e7iminin belirlenmesi, millet egemenli\u011finin anayasal d\u00fczende a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a yer almas\u0131 ve yeni devletin siyasi yap\u0131lanmas\u0131n\u0131n tamamlanmas\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan d\u00f6n\u00fcm noktas\u0131 oldu.<\/p>\n

Bug\u00fcn, 29 Ekim 2026’da T\u00fcrkiye Cumhuriyeti 103 ya\u015f\u0131nda.<\/strong> Gazi Mustafa Kemal Atat\u00fcrk ve Milli M\u00fccadele’nin b\u00fct\u00fcn kahramanlar\u0131n\u0131n miras\u0131 olan Cumhuriyet, kurulu\u015funun 103. y\u0131l d\u00f6n\u00fcm\u00fcnde bir kez daha ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k, milli egemenlik ve ortak gelecek d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesiyle an\u0131l\u0131yor.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Bug\u00fcn 29 Ekim 2026… T\u00fcrkiye Cumhuriyeti 103. kurulu\u015f y\u0131l d\u00f6n\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc kutluyor. Gazi Mustafa Kemal Atat\u00fcrk’\u00fcn \u00f6nderli\u011finde verilen Milli M\u00fccadele’nin ard\u0131ndan, 29 Ekim 1923’te T\u00fcrkiye B\u00fcy\u00fck Millet Meclisinde ilan edilen Cumhuriyet, 103 y\u0131l\u0131 geride b\u0131rakt\u0131. Mondros M\u00fctarekesi ile ba\u015flayan i\u015fgal y\u0131llar\u0131ndan Samsun’a, Erzurum ve Sivas kongrelerinden Sakarya ve B\u00fcy\u00fck Taarruz zaferlerine, Lozan Bar\u0131\u015f Antla\u015fmas\u0131’ndan Cumhuriyet’in ilan\u0131na uzanan tarihi s\u00fcre\u00e7, T\u00fcrk milletinin ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k ve egemenlik m\u00fccadelesinin en \u00f6nemli d\u00f6n\u00fcm noktalar\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturdu. Atat\u00fcrk’\u00fcn 28 Ekim 1923 gecesi \u00c7ankaya K\u00f6\u015fk\u00fc’nde s\u00f6yledi\u011fi “Yar\u0131n Cumhuriyet ilan edece\u011fiz” s\u00f6zleri, ertesi g\u00fcn Mecliste al\u0131nan kararla tarihe ge\u00e7ti.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":58278,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1,5766],"tags":[17021,17227,11362,17226],"class_list":["post-58272","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-genel","category-video-galeri","tag-29ekimcumhuriyetbayrami","tag-cumhuriyetin103-yili","tag-mustafakemalataturk","tag-turkiyecumhuriyeti"],"yoast_head":"\nT\u00fcrkiye Cumhuriyeti 103 ya\u015f\u0131nda: Bir milletin ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k m\u00fccadelesinden Cumhuriyet'e uzanan tarihi yolculu\u011fu - Merceknet Haber<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.merceknet.com\/tr\/2026\/10\/29\/turkiye-cumhuriyeti-103-yasinda-bir-milletin-bagimsizlik-mucadelesinden-cumhuriyete-uzanan-tarihi-yolculugu\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"tr_TR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"T\u00fcrkiye Cumhuriyeti 103 ya\u015f\u0131nda: Bir milletin ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k m\u00fccadelesinden Cumhuriyet'e uzanan tarihi yolculu\u011fu - Merceknet Haber\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Bug\u00fcn 29 Ekim 2026... T\u00fcrkiye Cumhuriyeti 103. kurulu\u015f y\u0131l d\u00f6n\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc kutluyor. Gazi Mustafa Kemal Atat\u00fcrk'\u00fcn \u00f6nderli\u011finde verilen Milli M\u00fccadele'nin ard\u0131ndan, 29 Ekim 1923'te T\u00fcrkiye B\u00fcy\u00fck Millet Meclisinde ilan edilen Cumhuriyet, 103 y\u0131l\u0131 geride b\u0131rakt\u0131. Mondros M\u00fctarekesi ile ba\u015flayan i\u015fgal y\u0131llar\u0131ndan Samsun'a, Erzurum ve Sivas kongrelerinden Sakarya ve B\u00fcy\u00fck Taarruz zaferlerine, Lozan Bar\u0131\u015f Antla\u015fmas\u0131'ndan Cumhuriyet'in ilan\u0131na uzanan tarihi s\u00fcre\u00e7, T\u00fcrk milletinin ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k ve egemenlik m\u00fccadelesinin en \u00f6nemli d\u00f6n\u00fcm noktalar\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturdu. 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