Motosiklet ve benzeri ara\u00e7lar\u0131n kullan\u0131m\u0131nda hayat kurtaran kasklar\u0131n yayg\u0131nla\u015fma hikayesi, Birinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda Orta Do\u011fu’daki faaliyetleriyle bilinen \u0130ngiliz ajan\u0131 Thomas Edward Lawrence’\u0131n 1935’teki \u015faibeli \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcyle ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/p>\n
Birinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131’ndaki espiyonaj ve katliam faaliyetleriyle bilinen”Arabistanl\u0131 Lawrence”, bunun d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda da kullan\u0131m\u0131 zorunlu motosiklet kasklar\u0131n\u0131n yayg\u0131nla\u015fmas\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan da \u00f6nem arz eden bir isim.<\/p>\n
AA muhabiri, Lawrence\u2019\u0131n \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn ard\u0131ndan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ba\u015flatan doktor Sir Hugh Cairns’in kasklara y\u00f6nelik ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131n\u0131 ve bu alandaki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 uzman g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fleriyle derledi.<\/p>\n
19 May\u0131s 1935\u2019te ge\u00e7irdi\u011fi motosiklet kazas\u0131nda ba\u015f\u0131ndan a\u011f\u0131r yaralanan Lawrence\u2019\u0131n \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc, baz\u0131 \u00e7evreler taraf\u0131ndan \u015faibeli olarak de\u011ferlendirilirken kazaya ili\u015fkin otopsi ve hastane kay\u0131tlar\u0131n\u0131n eksik oldu\u011fu y\u00f6n\u00fcnde iddialar da bulunuyor.<\/p>\n
Bir tan\u0131k, kaza s\u0131ras\u0131nda b\u00f6lgede siyah ara\u00e7 g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc \u00f6ne s\u00fcrd\u00fc, bu ifadenin ard\u0131ndan g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc \u00f6ne s\u00fcr\u00fclen arac\u0131n Lawrence’\u0131n yoldan \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131na neden olma ihtimaline dair iddialar g\u00fcndeme geldi.<\/p>\n
Lawrence’\u0131n ku\u015fkulu \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc, kafa travmalar\u0131n\u0131 engellemek i\u00e7in “Ne yap\u0131labilir?” diye soran doktor Sir Hugh Cairns’in bu alanda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7t\u0131.<\/p>\n
Bas\u0131nda yer alan haberlere ve a\u00e7\u0131k kaynaklara g\u00f6re Lawrence, \u0130ngiltere’nin g\u00fcneybat\u0131s\u0131nda yer alan Dorset’te motosikletini s\u00fcrerken bisikletli iki \u00e7ocu\u011fa \u00e7arpmamak i\u00e7in ani manevra nedeniyle kaza yapt\u0131.<\/p>\n
Motosikletten f\u0131rlayan ve kafatas\u0131 \u00e7atlayan Lawrence, 6 g\u00fcn komada kalmas\u0131n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan \u00f6ld\u00fc.<\/p>\n
Lawrence\u2019\u0131n \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn ard\u0131ndan yap\u0131lan otopside kaza s\u0131ras\u0131nda ba\u015f\u0131n\u0131 yere \u00e7arpmas\u0131 sonucu beyninin ciddi \u015fekilde hasar g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc belirlendi ve hayatta kalmas\u0131 durumunda dahi k\u00f6rl\u00fck ya da konu\u015fma yetisini kaybetme gibi a\u011f\u0131r sa\u011fl\u0131k sorunlar\u0131yla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fabilece\u011fi ifade edildi.<\/p>\n
Lawrence’\u0131n kazada ba\u015f\u0131na ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 darbelerin nedenine ili\u015fkin o d\u00f6nemde en \u00e7ok motosikletlerin kasks\u0131z kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 g\u00fcndeme getirildi.<\/p>\n
Kazan\u0131n ard\u0131ndan \u0130ngiltere’nin ilk beyin cerrahlar\u0131ndan Cairns da bir\u00e7ok \u00fcnl\u00fc cerrahla Lawrence’\u0131n \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcyle ilgilenenler aras\u0131ndayd\u0131.<\/p>\n
ABD’deki Clarkson \u00dcniversitesinden Tarih Profes\u00f6r\u00fc Stephen Casper, AA muhabirine Lawrence’\u0131n \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn o d\u00f6nemde \u0130ngiliz toplumundaki belli bir elit grupta “ki\u015fisel trajedi” olarak tan\u0131mland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yledi.<\/p>\n
Casper, kazada Lawrence de\u011fil de s\u0131radan birinin \u00f6lm\u00fc\u015f olmas\u0131 halinde kask konusunun g\u00fcndeme gelip gelmeyece\u011fine ili\u015fkin, “Hay\u0131r. 1939’da \u00e7ok fazla insan araba ya da motosiklet kazas\u0131nda \u00f6ld\u00fc.” dedi.<\/p>\n
Lawrence’\u0131n \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn ger\u00e7ekten “ki\u015fisel hissettirdi\u011fine” dikkati \u00e7eken Casper, “Burada ‘bizden birinin ba\u015f\u0131na b\u00f6yle bir \u015fey geldi\u011fi ve bu konuda bir \u015feyler yapmam\u0131z gerekti\u011fi hissi’ var. Tarih, asl\u0131nda genelde b\u00f6yle ve bu sinir bozucu hissettirebilir.” diye konu\u015ftu.<\/p>\n
Casper, t\u0131p tarihinin uzun ge\u00e7mi\u015fine at\u0131fta bulunarak, “\u0130nsanlar, biriyle kendilerini \u00f6zde\u015fle\u015ftirene kadar de\u011fi\u015fim ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmez.” dedi.<\/p>\n
Casper, o d\u00f6neme kadar \u00e7o\u011fu beyin cerrahisi i\u015fleminin ABD’de yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131na ve d\u00fcnya \u00e7ap\u0131ndaki ilk nesil beyin cerrahlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7o\u011funu ABD’li n\u00f6robilimcilerin yeti\u015ftirdi\u011fine dikkati \u00e7ekerek, Avustralyal\u0131 Cairns’in de bu gelene\u011fe uygun \u015fekilde bu \u00fclkede e\u011fitim ald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 anlatt\u0131.<\/p>\n
Cairns’in de o d\u00f6nemde \u0130ngiltere’de \u00e7ok tan\u0131nmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve iyi kar\u015f\u0131lanmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, kendisini bir anda \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli tarihi bir olay\u0131n i\u00e7inde buldu\u011funu belirten Casper, gayriihtiyari Cairns’e Lawrence meselesinin fayda sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yledi.<\/p>\n
Cairns’in en b\u00fcy\u00fck miras\u0131n\u0131n t\u0131p literat\u00fcr\u00fcne “\u00f6nlenebilir \u00f6l\u00fcm kavram\u0131n\u0131n” dahil edilmesi oldu\u011funu belirten Casper, \u0130ngiltere’de beyin cerrahisini m\u00fcmk\u00fcn k\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve yeni beyin cerrahisi y\u00f6nteminin en ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 \u00f6nc\u00fclerinden oldu\u011funu dile getirdi.<\/p>\n
Cairns, Lawrence’\u0131n \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden etkilenmesinin ard\u0131ndan bisiklet ve motosiklet kazalar\u0131nda kafa yaralanmas\u0131 vakalar\u0131n\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rmaya ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/p>\n
Motosiklet kasklar\u0131, Lawrence’\u0131n \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden 21 y\u0131l \u00f6nce 1914’te icat edilse de o d\u00f6nemde genellikle sadece yar\u0131\u015flarda kullan\u0131l\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n
Profes\u00f6r Casper da Birinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 d\u00f6neminde sava\u015f yaralanmalar\u0131yla m\u00fccadele ve madenlerde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar i\u00e7in kafatas\u0131n\u0131n korunmas\u0131na y\u00f6nelik kasklar\u0131n kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 hat\u0131rlatt\u0131.<\/p>\n
Casper, kasklar\u0131n 1950’den sonra de\u011fi\u015fmeye ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve \u0130kinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131’yla kask kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n kabullenilmesi ve yayg\u0131nla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n h\u0131zland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 anlatt\u0131.<\/p>\n
\u0130kinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131’n\u0131n ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131nda Cairns, Sa\u011fl\u0131k Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda kafa yaralanmalar\u0131 ve \u0130ngiliz ordusuna beyin cerrahisi alan\u0131nda dan\u0131\u015fmanl\u0131k yapmaya ba\u015flad\u0131. Bu d\u00f6nemde Cairns, askeri sevkiyat ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftiren s\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fclerin ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 kafa travmalar\u0131 konusunda ara\u015ft\u0131rma yapt\u0131.<\/p>\n
Ekim 1941’de Cairns, ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131n\u0131n ilk sonucunu British Medical Journal’de “Motosiklet S\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fclerinde Kafa Yaralanmalar\u0131: Kaza Kask\u0131n\u0131n \u00d6nemi” ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 makalesiyle yay\u0131mlad\u0131.<\/p>\n
Cairns, makalede \u0130kinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131’n\u0131n ilk 21 ay\u0131nda 2 bin 279 motosiklet s\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fcs\u00fc ve yolcusunun kaza sonucu kafalar\u0131na ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 darbeler nedeniyle \u00f6ld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc vakalar\u0131 ele ald\u0131. Cairns, inceledi\u011fi 7 vakada kask takan motosiklet s\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fclerinin \u00f6l\u00fcmc\u00fcl derecede yaralanmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ortaya koydu.<\/p>\n
Sava\u015fta orduda her hafta iki motosiklet s\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fcs\u00fc hayat\u0131n\u0131 kaybediyordu ve b\u00f6ylece Kas\u0131m 1941’de ordu mensubu s\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fclere kask da\u011f\u0131t\u0131lmas\u0131 emri verildi.<\/p>\n
Casper, bu karar\u0131n Cairns’in \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 olmadan bu kadar h\u0131zl\u0131 al\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131n m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131na i\u015faret ederek, Cairns’in \u00e7evresinde \u00e7ok iyi konumlarda onu dinleyecek doktorlar\u0131n bulundu\u011funu s\u00f6yledi.<\/p>\n
Cairns’in 1946’da British Medical Journal’de yay\u0131mlanan “Kasklar” ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 makalesinde orduda kask\u0131n zorunlu hale gelmesiyle motosiklet s\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fclerinin \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde g\u00f6rece d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f ya\u015fand\u0131\u011f\u0131 ifade edildi. Cairns, sivil motosiklet s\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fclerinin de kask kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n artmas\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nemli d\u00fczeyde hayat\u0131 kurtarabilece\u011fine dikkati \u00e7ekti.<\/p>\n
Sivillerin kask kullanmas\u0131n\u0131n da bir\u00e7ok hayat kurtaraca\u011f\u0131na inanan Cairns, bunu kan\u0131tlamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131 ancak Avam Kamaras\u0131, 1973’e kadar motosikletlilerin kask kullanmalar\u0131n\u0131 zorunlu hale getirmedi.<\/p>\n
Casper, kask kullan\u0131m\u0131na y\u00f6nelik isteksizli\u011fin bir nedeninin de k\u00fclt\u00fcrel oldu\u011funa i\u015faret ederek, tarih boyunca kask t\u00fcr\u00fc \u00fcr\u00fcnlerin sava\u015f \u015fartlar\u0131nda kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yledi.<\/p>\n
Bu konudaki yenili\u011fin ara\u00e7 ve makinelerin de farkl\u0131 g\u00fcvenlik ekipmanlar\u0131n\u0131 gerektirmesi oldu\u011funa dikkati \u00e7eken Casper, 1930’larda kask \u00fcretmek i\u00e7in gerekli materyallerin yeterli olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 anlatt\u0131.<\/p>\n
Casper, kask \u00fcretimi i\u00e7in farkl\u0131 bir yakla\u015f\u0131m, tasar\u0131m ve fizik gerekti\u011fine i\u015faret ederek, k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn de \u00f6tesinde uygulanabilirlik zorlu\u011funun bulundu\u011funu ve bunun da neredeyse 1970’lere kadar tam olarak \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclemedi\u011fini belirtti.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Orta Do\u011fu’daki ajanl\u0131k ve provokasyon faaliyetleriyle bilinen \u0130ngiliz casusu Thomas Edward Lawrence’\u0131n 1935’te motosiklet kazas\u0131nda \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc, ilerleyen y\u0131llarda kask kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n zorunlu hale getirilmesine giden s\u00fcreci ba\u015flatt\u0131.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":27847,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[11],"tags":[9571,9572],"class_list":["post-27846","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-yasam","tag-arabistanlilawrence","tag-kask"],"yoast_head":"\n